Witty jabs aside, I completely agree with Kreeft. Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of Confessions and what it means. Study Guide Full Text Flashcards. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. Suggestions. Whoso understandeth, let him confess unto Thee; and whoso understandeth not, let him confess unto Thee. Though giving some account of these worldly matters, Augustine spends much of Book IV examining his conflicted state of mind during this period. Augustine "graduate[d]" from his studies in Carthage, and was qualified to be a teacher "of those arts called the liberal. Summary and Analysis Book 13: Chapters 1-38. His famous works Confessions and City of God are discussed in this Guide. Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of Confessions and what it means. shylah_davis89. All things were made by him, and without him nothing was made. Hyde King Lear Of Mice and Men The Crucible Menu. Evil/Wickedness. Returning to Thagaste from his studies at Carthage, Augustine began to teach rhetoric, making friends and chasing a career along the way. 6,350+ In-Depth Study Guides. Only god, found inwardly, offers truth. Read the full text of Confessions: Book V. Book IX. Augustine opens with a statement of praise to God; to praise God is the natural desire of all men. ;Chapter Summaries & Analyses. This is the last Book that tells the story of Augustine 's life. The scene, which occurs in Book VIII, occurs in the garden of Augustine’s house in Milan, in July 386 CE. . Augustine - Christian Doctrine, Philosophy, Bishop: De doctrina christiana (Books I–III, 396/397, Book IV, 426; Christian Doctrine) was begun in the first years of Augustine’s episcopacy but finished 30 years later. Augustine's work is an extended prayer and intimate conversation with a divine Beloved. Augustine is convinced that the person who is separated from God through his own sinfulness can never be fully happy. These passages in Book 7 from The Confessions are perhaps among the most variously interpreted by scholars. The mind or soul (the terms are somewhat interchangeable in Augustine) is the element that animates human beings. Summary. I was blown away by the beauty, the profundity, the. A RTS OF L IBERTY Augustine’s Confessions A Pr oj e c t of th e U n i v e r s ity of Da l l a s Ou tl in e, Q u e s tion s & I mp or ta n t Pa s s a g e s. Books 1 through 9 of Saint Augustine’s Confessions are a kind of backward reflection, covering the period from the author’s birth to his religious conversion to Christianity. Suggestions. Section 16. Book 7 picks up the thread of Augustine 's dawning understanding of a transcendent God and his happiness that "our spiritual mother, your Catholic Church" seems to be pointing in the same direction. Augustine begins with the question of priority in the creation (he loosely defines 'priority' later in Book XII). When Augustine becomes a young man, he goes to Carthage to be educated. Summary and Analysis Book 1: Chapters 8-11. Plato believed that learning is a kind of remembering, in which the soul rediscovers a truth it knew before birth. Subscribe for $3 a Month. A summary of Book XI in Augustine's Confessions. St. Summary and Analysis Book 4: Chapters 13-16. Pusey, D. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. According to that report, Augustine became more aware and tried unsuccessfully to communicate his desires to the adults around him. Section 1. Augustine, Confessions as PDF for free. The City of God, philosophical treatise vindicating Christianity, written by the medieval philosopher St. Let me die—lest I die—only let me see Thy face. Monica is violently opposed, and Augustine has to lie to her in order to get away from Carthage. Book 7 picks up the thread of Augustine 's dawning understanding of a transcendent God and his happiness that "our spiritual mother, your Catholic Church" seems to be pointing in the same direction. By telling this tale he transforms himself into a metaphor of the struggle of both body and soul to find happiness. Summary. Study Help Full Glossary for. At 29, Augustine meets a Manichean bishop named Faustus, who is famous for his knowledge of doctrine. St. The text and commentary were encoded in SGML. Book IX recounts some of the events directly following Augustine's conversion: his retirement from his secular post, his baptism with Alypius and Adeodatus, a shared vision with. Upon arriving in Carthage at age 17, Augustine wishes to fall in love, not realizing that what he craves is God. Begun in 413 AD, only a few years after the Sack of Rome, City of God is Augustine’s rejoinder to pagan misconceptions of Christianity. Hide not Thy face from me. At this time, Augustine still does not understand beauty; seeking to explain it, he writes a work On the Beautiful and the Fitting, which he has since lost. According to Saint Augustine’s Confessions, the importance of the encounter with the drunken beggar in Milan is to highlight that seeking bodily desires, a derivative of sin, inevitably constitutes desolation that can only be resolved through. 99/year as selected above. Perfect for acing essays,. '. Following his conversion, Augustine has decided not to withdraw from public life immediately, not wanting to appear vain. In this section he refers to Genesis 1:20: "Let the waters produce moving things that have life in them. as a whole in each thing. My heart, O Lord, touched with the words of Thy Holy Scripture, is much busied, amid this poverty of my life. Summary. 2. In Confessions, Augustine plays the lead role in the story of his own life. Ponticianus has already been baptized, and he and his friend decide to follow that path of renunciation. We bring evil onto ourselves because we actively choose corruptible elements of the physical world rather than the eternal, perfect forms, which are spiritual. The first book of the Confessions is devoted primarily to an analysis of Augustine's life as a child, from his infancy (which he cannot recall and must reconstruct) up through his days as a schoolboy in Thagaste (in Eastern Algeria). Analysis. With Book 11, Augustine moves to Part 2 of City of God, in which he promises to trace out the histories of the earthly city and the city of God from their beginnings, following “the rise, the development, and the destined ends of the two cities” (430). 99/year as selected above. Augustine titled his deeply philosophical and theological autobiography Confessions to implicate two aspects of the form the work would take. Divine Justice. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. Augustine remained a Manichee from ages 19 to 29. It recounts some of the events directly following Augustine's conversion: his retirement from his secular post, his baptism with Alypius and Adeodatus, a shared vision with Monica at Ostia just before her death, and a section of praise for her. Augustine with a Twist: The Similarities and Differences of the. Confessions Summary. Augustine argues that God does not allow evil to exist so much as we choose it by our actions, deeds. He identifies two closely related causes. indd 4 11/13/17 12:12 PM. Augustine then introduces and engages in a series of conundrums related to God’s essence. Augustine’s Confessions recounts that early life. For close to ten years Augustine remained a Manichee and most of Book III is spent on detailing his errors in falling. Augustine's Confessions. It is sometimes said that Augustine invented the modern autobiography. First, he states that evil exists because we have free will. Even the accordion sounds wrong now – the beauty seems false in the face of cruel fate. For love of Thy love I do it; reviewing my most wicked ways in the very bitterness of my remembrance, that Thou mayest grow sweet unto me (Thou sweetness never failing, Thou blissful and assured. Faustus, a famous Manichean bishop, arrived in Carthage when Augustine was 29. The City of God is a response to that question, although Augustine calls his treatise a defense of "the most glorious City of God," sidestepping the question as originally phrased. The work can thus be viewed as both a discursive document. Book XII Summary and Analysis. D. D. “Thou hast made us for thyself, and our heart is restless until it finds its rest in thee. Monica is an engaging character, strong, energetic, and completely. Augustine wrote Confessions as a spiritual memoir and as a book length prayer to God with a retelling of his childhood and early adulthood. Book II Summary and Analysis. 99/month or $24. In a psalm, the psalmist refers to the heaven of heavens. Augustine: Conversions to Confessions, also titled Augustine: Conversions and Confessions, is a historical biography by Robin Lane Fox. Faustus comes rolling into town. One of the most important and powerful passages of Confessions relates the journey of the self toward wholeness. He describes himself as having been “enamored with the idea of love” but sinfully indiscriminate in procuring it (43). Augustine turns to his adolescence and describes his sins of lust. Simplicianus congratulates him for studying the books of the Platonists and tells him the story of Victorinus. As a result, Augustine tries Neoplatonic contemplation and is granted a vision. He dedicates it to a famous orator, whom he admired and wants to imitate. 1 - 1. Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of Confessions and what it means. Augustine’s search for truth would inevitably lead him to fall in with the pseudo-Christian sect known as the Manichees (followers of the self-declared prophet Mani). In Milan she led a quiet and devout life that inspired. Full Work Summary. Augustine discusses his childhood. See how time came and went from day to day, and by coming and going it brought to my mind other ideas and remembrances [. Augustine uses the creation story as the basis of a metaphor to talk about other things relating to God. Only God can say whether people exist in some form before infancy; Augustine says that. Augustine’s Confessions is a diverse blend of autobiographical accounts as well as philosophical, theological and critical analysis of the Christian Bible. 387. Now Augustine claims that time can only be measured while it is passing (but he doesn't mean with a clock, because those don't exist yet). This is a watershed moment for the young Augustine, who finds in Neoplatonism a way of reconciling his long. Augustine is further inspired by talking to Ponticianus, a court official, who tells him and Alypius about the famous monk, Antony of Egypt. A summary of Confessions in Augustine's Selected Works of Augustine. A modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides that feature detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, quotes, and essay topics. Augustine begins to study what God means by "the Heavens and the Earth". Simplicianus then told Augustine the story of Victorinus, an elderly teacher he had known in Rome. Though this is not a primary idea in Confessions, Augustine sees all the events of his life as divinely just; he sinned, suffered, and was saved all according to God's perfect justice. Summary. Armstrong, trans. Augustine has to lie to his mother, Monica, to leave Carthage. This is a watershed moment for the young Augustine, who finds in Neoplatonism a way of reconciling his. Augustine has finally arrived at his goal. Context for Book IV Quotes. At the urging of friends, Augustine leaves Carthage to teach in Rome, hoping to find a better-behaved group of students. Confessions, spiritual self-examination by St. Augustine considers the meaning of the first words of Genesis: "In the beginning, God created heaven and earth. In learning language, Augustine joined human society. Augustine considers the nature of fame: He does not want empty. Summary. Augustine of Hippo, whose full name was Aurelius Augustinus, was born in 354 CE, in the city of Tagaste, in the Roman North African province of Numidia (now Algeria). Augustine explores the nature of God and sin within the context of a Christian man's life. BOOK V . Manichee beliefs begin to lose their luster for him during this period, and by the end of the Book he considers. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. Augustine was in poor health and felt his life was going nowhere. Augustine begins Book V by praising God and explaining the importance of owning up to the completeness and universality of the one true Christian God. Augustine was baptized by Ambrose at Milan during Eastertide, A. The three things I speak of are: to be, to know, and to will. In reality, the work is not so much an autobiography as an exploration of the. Book VI, Chapters 1-6 Summary. A summary of Book XI in St. He "ran wild," he writes, "in the jungle of erotic adventures. Citing divine intimacy as motivation and discounting “life’s experiences,” Augustine commits to “do [ing] truth […] in my heart by confession in your presence, and with my pen before many witnesses” (181). Perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans. Augustine has finally arrived at his goal. Augustine, also known as Augustine of Hippo, was born Aurelius Augustinus in 354 CE in Roman North Africa (now eastern Algeria) and died in 430 CE. I continued to reflect on these things, and. Augustine is now a Christian in his heart, but he is unable to give up his worldly affairs, particularly sex. The Confessions were written partly as a response to these critics, openly confessing Augustine's past mistakes, praising God with effusiveness and poetry, and roundly denouncing the Manichees. The Confessions is divided into thirteen books, each of. Book VII Overview. Overview. Just prior to this. There is very little sense of cause and effect in this idea of justice, since sinning is largely its own punishment (Augustine speaks of his. New City Press, 248 pp. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4. Augustine uses the example of his early life in Book I (continued in the subsequent Books) as a template for chronicling his spiritual development. With Book 19, Augustine leaves off his historical analysis and returns to philosophical and theological topics. Summary: Augustine has been moving toward embracing the Christian faith; the climax of his gradual conversion occupies Book 8. In 391, he was ordained presbyter in the church of Hippo Regius (a small coastal town nearby). Monica is an engaging character, strong, energetic, and completely. A summary of Book IV in Augustine's Confessions. D. While he believes God to be "imperishable, inviolable, and unchangeable," he is still stuck on a corporeal idea of God spread through. Confessions (Latin: Confessiones) is an autobiographical work by Augustine of Hippo, consisting of 13 books written in Latin between AD 397 and 400. Perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans. He was a Catholic theologian, bishop, and philosopher of Berber descent. Read the full text of Confessions: Book VI. As the middle book of the 13 in the Confessions, Book 7 marks the decisive turning point in Augustine's thought. For Augustine, justice has her temporal reasons, and the context of time plays a role in every situation. Wickedness and Evil. Still, Augustine and his posse want to get near this guy, and they finally elbow their way through the fanboys and. 20 For. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4. Augustine’s answers to this question would forever change Western thought. Even natural evils, such as disease, are indirectly related to human action, since they become evil. He also discussed free will in his Confessions, which consists of 13 books written between 397 and 400 AD. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4. Simplicianus is Ambrose's mentor and takes time with Augustine, telling him the conversion story of Victorinus. . A modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers. The subsequent story of final conversion is placed within a context of. Augustine is raised in a Christian household, but as he grows older, his faith wanders and his soul becomes chained to lower goods. Behold, Lord, my heart is before Thee; open Thou the ears thereof, and say unto my soul, I am thy salvation. He was in the beginning with God. And therefore most times, is the poverty of human understanding copious in words, because enquiring hath more to say than discovering, and demanding is longer than obtaining, and our hand that knocks, hath more work to do. Augustine does not say. Summary. About St. Addressing God directly, Augustine begins by praising him, emphasizing the fundamental need humans have to worship him despite their sinfulness and pride, for “our heart is unquiet until it rests in you” (14). That is the question Augustine is asking here, and he sees the same idea everywhere. I am a knowing and willing being; I know that I am and that I will; and I will to be and to know. Summary. This is a watershed moment for the young Augustine, who finds in Neoplatonism a way of reconciling his long. Ignatius Critical Editions (ICE) Study Guides are constructed to aid the reader of ICE classics to achieve a level of critical and literary appreciation befitting the works themselves. CliffsNotes on St. 28, 430, Hippo Regius; feast day August 28), Christian theologian and one of the Latin Fathers of the Church. The work can thus be viewed as both a discursive document. A summary of Part X (Section6) in St. Summary. 387. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. Augustine probably began work on the Confessions around the year 397, when he was 43 years old. All things were made by him, and without him nothing was made. The sins of idleness, lust, and pride are analyzed and by Augustine in a way that shows deep insight and reflection. Poor Mr. It is a dead translation. D. Confessions is much more than an autobiography. Augustine’s Confessions is an autobiographical work in which the author recounts his own personal journey of faith and his struggles with sin and temptation. Milan is the last place Augustine lives in the Confessions, and it is the site of his final steps toward Christianity and of his conversion experience in the garden. Christ is "God made flesh," God as a human and so subject to death. Instead, he distracts himself with "theatrical shows," musing on the fact that people enjoy sad feelings evoked by fictional dramas, even though everyone aspires to happiness. Augustine is pretty anguished by his search for truth, but his pride is preventing him from making progress. Confessions. Confessions, spiritual self-examination by Saint Augustine, written in Latin as Confessiones about 400 CE. Important information about Augustine's background, historical events that influenced Confessions, and the main ideas within the work. In Book 2, Augustine talks about his teenage years and his start into adulthood. Summary and Analysis Book 4: Chapters 1-3. Noverim te, noverim me: "I would know you [God], I would know myself. B. It doesn't matter how articulately something is phrased if it isn't true, Augustine says. Augustine by St. Augustine’s Flirtation with and Rejection of Manicheism. The first book of the Confessions is devoted primarily to an analysis of Augustine's life as a child, from his infancy (which he cannot recall and must reconstruct) up through his days as a schoolboy in Thagaste (in Eastern Algeria). Book XIII. 370–410 CE) and the Goths (Visigoths) in 410 on. When Bishop Ambrose forbids her from making offerings for the dead, as was customary in Africa, she obediently gives up the practice. 397, The Confessions are a history of the young Augustine's fierce struggle to overcome his profligate ways and achieve a life of spiritual grace. Still, Augustine and his posse want to get near this guy, and they finally elbow their way through the fanboys and. Augustine decided to resign from his post as Teacher of Rhetoric, but elected to wait until the beginning of the next vacation to inform his pupils and their parents. During this time, he lives with a woman and has a child by her. Augustine focuses on redemption and the creation of God in that all things in the world begin with God. Summary. Perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans. Learn more about Confessions by reading background on Augustine and his Confessions as well as essay that provide context for it. Summary. The Friar Book Club. Confessions study guide contains a biography of Saint Augustine, literature essays, a complete e-text, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and. For Augustine, justice has her temporal reasons, and the context of time plays a role in every situation. Summary and Analysis Book 1: Chapters 6-7. After that Liesel stays in bed for three days. Andrew May 4, 2016 7 Comments on St. Books had the power to heal and to transform. Augustine: Conversions to Confessions, also titled Augustine: Conversions and Confessions, is a historical biography by Robin Lane Fox. Having achieved both some understanding of God (and evil) and the humility to accept Christ, Augustine still agonizes over becoming a full member of the church. Augustine created a theology of the self in Confessions, and in The City of God he initiates a theology of history. Augustine thanks God for liberating him from his sinful inclinations, then tells of his decision to resign from the work he now viewed as empowering sinners. I will now call to mind my past foulness, and the carnal corruptions of my soul; not because I love them, but that I may love Thee, O my God. His father, Patricius, was a pagan who still adhered to the old gods of Rome, and his mother. The heaven of heavens is a place where God has his house and the angels and other beings are. Important quotes by St. Book IV, Chapters 1-9 Summary. and became putrid in [God's] sight. His father, Patricius, was a pagan who still adhered to the old gods of Rome, and his mother. This is a watershed moment for the young Augustine, who finds in Neoplatonism a way of reconciling his. '. “You have made us for yourself,” he writes,Read the full text of Confessions: Book VIII. Augustine's Confessions. Even natural evils, such as disease, are indirectly related to human action, since they become evil. St Augustine's Confessions Book 7 Study guide. Chapter 1. Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of Confessions and what it means. Both boiled confusedly within me, and dragged my unstable youth down over the cliffs of unchaste desires and plunged me into a gulf of infamy. Perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans. 6]. After this voice let me haste, and take hold on Thee. And therefore most times, is the poverty of human understanding copious in words, because enquiring hath more to say than discovering, and demanding is longer than obtaining, and our hand that knocks, hath more work to do. As with the previous books, St. Rudy fetches Rosa and they all wait together. CONFESSIONS. Study Guide. 63, as follows: "I also wrote a book on Faith, Hope, and Charity, at the request of the person to whom I. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4. Full Work Analysis. Augustine's Confessions. Summary and Analysis Book 3: Chapters 1-5. Still searching for the truth, Augustine encounters the Manichees. Say unto my soul, I am your salvation. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4. In Carthage, Augustine persisted in promiscuity. First, he states that evil exists because we have free will. 99/month or $24. Celibate Augustine Examines His Youthful Non-Celibate Self. Book I, Chapters 1-5 Summary. Augustine has fallen in love with God and no longer wishes to pursue worldly ambitions. Lines 1-8. In the school of thought known as Neoplatonism, Augustine found a way of reconciling his long pursuit of philosophy with his new and serious faith in the Catholic Church. Augustine soon realizes that two people born at the exact same time, like Firminus and a slave, don't always live the exact same life. Confessions was written by St. Augustine with a Twist: The Similarities and Differences of the Political and Theological Ideas of Augustine and Luther. Important quotes from Book III in Confessions. The Manichee answer is that evil is a separate substance against which God is constantly battling. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. THE CONFESSIONS OF SAINT AUGUSTINE By Saint Augustine Bishop of Hippo Translated by E. A summary of Book IX in Augustine's Confessions. Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of Confessions and what it means. Summary: Book 9 covers the year following Augustine’s conversion. 3) In Book 2 of the Confessions Augustine describes his further descent into moral disorder during Book VIII. My god has answered this more than abundantly. A summary of Book II in Augustine's Confessions. Since first reading the text as a freshman at Valparaiso University, he has made an annual pilgrimage alongside the Bishop of Hippo through the thirteen books of his Confessions. Augustine 's Confessions is not an autobiography in the literal sense, but is rather an autobiographical framework for a religious, moral, theological, and philosophical text. Perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans. Section 5. My weight is my love. Augustine - Bishop, Philosopher, Theologian: As outlined above, the story of Augustine’s life will seem in numerous ways unfamiliar to readers who already know some of it. Augustine’s Confessions Book 2 Response The themes of the second book of Augustine’s Confessions are well summed up in the preamble before chapter one. The purpose of this essay is to explore “The Confessions of Saint Augustine”. Summary. Background on Augustine. He uncovers a wide-ranging explanation of history that begins with creation itself, moves through the turmoil and upheaval of man-made states (the City of the World), and continues to the realization of the kingdom of. Augustine 's extended prayer of thanks to God. 99/year as selected above. Aim: Our aim is to understand the structure, argument, and purpose of Augustine’s Confessions. These two aims come together in the Confessions. 354–430) and what it means. Augustine harshly criticizes this view for. This guide utilizes the. Summary. Perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans. The work outlines Saint Augustine's sinful youth and his conversion to Christianity. 1. Perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans. Search all of SparkNotes Search. . The Manichee doctrines he followed attacked Genesis, and much of its simple language about God. Augustine explores free will and the nature of evil. Augustine's Confessions; Essay. Summary. In a spirit of thankfulness let me recall the mercies you lavished on me, O mySt. Summary. Augustine wants to be like Victorinus and give up all worldly ambitions to follow God, but, as always, he keeps refusing to give up his old habit: lust. Content Summary. Confessions was published in two parts after Rousseau’s death. Many critics have taken Augustine at his word that he was a libertine. He begins once again by testifying to God 's power and goodness and asking him to grant him understanding, saying he wishes to understand how God made heaven and earth in the beginning. Analysis. Hide not Your face from me. I believe that all three come hand-in-hand throughout this book. The human audience for the text is other. The Confessions is an exercitatio animi, an “exercising of the soul. A guy named Evodius joins Augustine's posse, and they all decide that it's time to go back to Africa. Let me die—lest I die—only let me see Thy face. Book VIII tells the story of his conversion experience in Milan, which begins with an agonizing state of spiritual paralysis and ends with an ecstatic. Augustine with a Twist: The Similarities and Differences of the. He goes to. She is pleased, but not surprised, to hear that Augustine has given up Manichaeism. English poet Robert Browning's "Confessions" is a tale of love and memory. Greek philosopher who lived from c. It is obvious that all things were created, because they are subject to change. religion vocab. Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of Confessions and what it means. ] 1 of 29According to Augustine, God is in all things: in equal proportions. The City of God. He has begun his studies of law, and he keeps company with a group of unruly students, although. Given Augustine's strong opinions about sexuality, it is not surprising that his view of women is similarly complex and sometimes contradictory. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of Confessions. Though this is not a primary idea in Confessions, Augustine sees all the events of his life as divinely just; he sinned, suffered, and was saved all according to God's perfect justice. Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube. ]1 of 29According to Augustine, God is in all things: in equal proportions. Augustine is moved by the story of Victorinus, but his old life has become a habit he cannot break. 13, 354, Tagaste, Numidia—died Aug. Augustine's precise motivation for writing his life story at that point is not. In Augustine's reading of Genesis, what is the major difference between God's 'word' and human speech?Summary and Analysis Book 1: Chapters 12-20. Having exhausted the list of sins he's knowingly committed, Augustine worries about sins he might commit without realizing that they're even sins. Summary and Analysis Book 2: Chapters 1-3. BOOK XI . He enjoys the vicarious suffering he could. He grounds his presentation on the premise that God is the creator of. 687. Augustine and published around 397 BCE.